Science Of Dreams Essays - Dream, Neurophysiology, Sleep

Study Of Dreams The Science of Dreams A fantasy is a presentation, normally visual, that happens during the night while we stay in bed request to manage and asses the things that we have managed during the day. A fantasy is a recalled buildup as innovatively amassed visual metaphors(Guiley). In 1900 Sigmund Freud wrote in The Interpretation of Dreams that fantasies are camouflaged wishes emerging from ones oblivious psyche. Having been smothered by the cognizant psyche, the desires sneak into the resting cerebrum as dreams. Due to electoencephalograph machine that recorded the quick eye development during rest and examination into the physical idea of dreaming, Freud's hypothesis has been generally refuted. There is no authoritative answer with respect to what a fantasy is. There is a seething discussion over the neuroscientific perspective and the psychoanalytical perspective about what it is that really causes dreams. In the following scarcely any passages I will take a gander at the proposed answers from both the neuroscientific and psychoanalytical The way toward dreaming begins in the mind stem and is constrained by two synapses that in influence turn the fantasies on and of. The one that turns the fantasies on utilizes acetylcholine to start the fantasy, and the part that kills the fantasy employments norepinephrine and serotonin to end the fantasy sequence.When the norepinephrine and serotonin are stifled, the other substance, acetylcholine permits electrical signs to the cortex. Norepinephrine and serotonin are important to engrave the fantasies into your long term memory. This may clarify why we overlook most we had always wanted. Since the two synthetic compounds are stifled during the dreaming procedure, most dreams are not put away in the long haul memory of our brains. The mind stem neurons additionally start a sinusoidal wave known as theta musicality the hippocampus, a cerebrum structure that appears as though an ocean horse which is accepted to be liable for the capacity of memory. While this occurs, the nerves that generally convey data from our general surroundings shut down(Guiley). On the off chance that the fantasy occurs during the REM period of rest, the individual dozing will experience an expanded pulse and a brief loss of motion. To keep the sleeper from showcasing the fantasy, the cerebrum freezes the solid action. Tests have been finished on felines where the nueral strands that freeze the development during REM rest were expelled. This brought about the felines strolling around and carrying on there dreams. A few individuals do carry on there dreams. This issue can be treated by a medication called Clonazepam which is likewise used to treat epilepsy. Dreams are diverse as indicated by when the fantasy happens according to the period of rest. During the REM phase of rest and at different occasions or non-REM rest. There are four phases of rest. As the sleeper experiences the phases of rest the mind waves decline in recurrence. After the sleeper experiences the four phases of rest, the sleeper revisit the phases until they are back in stage one. This stage bone is known as the Emanant Stage One. This is the time where a large portion of the REM dreaming happens. In mid 1953 is the point at which the physical study of dreams truly started when scientists at the University of Chicago found physical signs like quick eye development and cerebrum wave designs that flagged that fantasies were in progress. Generally the entirety of the examination since at that point has concentrated on the REM phase of rest. All well evolved creatures, and even a couple of winged animals and reptiles experience the REM phase of rest. In people as we get more established less time is spent in the REM phase of rest. Babies invest generally the entirety of their energy in the REM stage and new borns spend a normal of eight hours every day in REM rest. 50% of rest of newborn children and little kids is spent in REM rest. Grown-ups rest is for the most part around twenty percent REM rest, and for more seasoned individuals just fifteen percent of rest is spent in the REM phase of rest. Numerous researcher accept this is on the grounds that that REM rest has an influence in the learning procedure and is increasingly significant for the more youthful sleepers(Ackroyd). Eventhough REM rest has gotten the entirety of the consideration with regards to investigate, it must be remebered that we don't simply dream in the REM stage. NREM are the fantasies that are typically progressively consistent and are bound to

Slavery In The East Essay Example For Students

Subjection In The East Essay The discussion over the financial points of interest of subjugation in the South has seethed since the time the primary slaves started working in the cotton fields of the Southern States. At first, the abundance of the New World was as crude materials and farming merchandise, for example, cotton, sugar, and tobacco. Servitude, point of fact, had its gainful viewpoints before the Civil War. Notwithstanding, this proposition started to change as abolitionists asserted the place where there is the Southern Plantations was exhausted and the potential salary of slaves was lower than that of white individuals who had a personal stake in the profitability and accomplishment of the South. The idea of subjugation had been brought over to America by the goals of British Mercantilism which called for exacting guideline of the state and its kin to benefit the national economy. In the mid 1700s, Frenchman Colbert expressed that, no business on the planet creates the same number of focal points as that of the slave trade(Williams, 144). The obtuse act of servitude started in the American provinces in 1619. Despite the fact that Africans initially went to the New World around 1501, the early pioneers didn't think to utilize them as slave work. Rather, they imported poor, white obligated hirelings from Europe to clear backwoods and develop fields. It was the English homesteaders that actuated utilizing Black slaves. They could be gotten effectively in view of their shading and they could be purchased and kept until they kicked the bucket. Negroes, from an agnostic land and without introduction to the moral goals of Christianity, could be dealt with increasingly unbending tech niques for discipline and could be ethically and profoundly debased for strength on the estate, composed students of history John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Greenery Jr. in From Slavery to Freedom (22). Where America flopped in Mercantilism was in not giving enough captives to produce an adequate net revenue and by turning into a partitioned country over the issue of subjugation. Southern slaves were seen in monetary terms of work to capital. While the responsibility for was a wellspring of pride in ranch proprietors, this reliance of slave on ace and ace to slave made an endless loop of carelessness that caused slave proprietors to frequently get nonsensical. In the south, slaveholdings changed by size, area, and yields delivered. Bondage in urban areas varied significantly from that in the open country. Experts displayed shifting demeanors and utilized assorted techniques to run their ranches and manors. Slaves filled in as talented skilled workers, ministers, attendants, drivers, and factory laborers, just as field hands and house hirelings. Regardless of these varieties, southern bondage showed some unmistakable highlights. In contrast to subjugation in the remainder of the New World, which relied upon the proceeded with importation of Africans, that in the southern United States was self-supporting: during the 50 years after the finish of legitimate importation in 1808, the slave populace dramatically multiplied. One outcome of this characteristic populace development was an equivalent proportion of guys to females that rather than the male dominance in slave social orders vigorously subject to imports from Africa encouraged the arrangement of solid families. Another was the development of a slave populace that, in spite of its particular social standards, was progressively American in birth and character. Slaves received the religion of their lords, for instance, however adjusted it to their own specific needs. To put it plainly, Africans became African-Americans. The move in charge of flourishing is represented in the expressions of the Mississippi proposition of progression from the Union. Southern government officials and estate proprietors realized their flourishing was in the hands of slaves and that the financial matters of the South relied upon the creation of the slaves. The Mississippis severance show stated:Our position is completely related to the foundation of bondage Ablow at subjection is a blow at trade and human advancement There was no decision left us however accommodation to the commands of nullification, or a disintegration of the Union (Journal of State Convention, 86). .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b , .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .postImageUrl , .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b , .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b:hover , .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b:visited , .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b:active { border:0!important; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b:active , .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b:hover { haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u885d83d514428d22e ccd4bf780da4c0b .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u885d83d514428d22eccd4bf780da4c0b:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Great Awakening EssayOne of the most punctual advocates of the hypothesis that the South was experiencing monetarily bondage was Cassius Marcellus Clay. The primary attestation of Clay was that servitude was a wasteful type of monetary association. As indicated by Fogel and Engerman, Clay declared, It was wasteful in light of the fact that subjection ruins the dirt, on the grounds that, in correlation with whites, slaves were not all that skilful, so enthusiastic, or more all, have not simply the upgrade intrigue (160). Earth kept on stating that slaves devour more and produce not exactly free men. Two defenders of Clays hypothesis were Hinton Rowan Helper and Frederick Law Olmstead who seemed to create proof in the 1850 evaluation that upheld the cases of Clay. To demonstrate his point, Hinton Helper analyzed the development of three sets of states somewhere in the range of 1790 and 1850. In a correlation of the conditions of New York and Virginia consistently, the development of New York had multiplied in populace, sent out multiple times that of what Virginia had, and held multiple times her assembling yield (162). The differentiations between states that were total and free stanzas with slaves was not as frightening yet at the same time demonstrated an unbalanced measure of financial development, with the South lingering behind. Sadly, Helpers insights were defective in a few zones. Partner expected that the South would do well to assets than the North, when in reality, the opposite was valid. The North exceeded expectations enormously in common assets and minerals while the South attempted to monetarily remain in accordance with the North in to the extent land esteems and attractiveness of merchandise. Likewise, the North by and large would be advised to soil than the South, which experienced rehashed difficulty with disintegration and climatic variables obliterating topsoil and harvests. Fredrick Olmsted took the microeconomic response to the issue of subjugation. Olmsted affirmed that most of the individuals who sell the cotton crop were more unfortunate than most of our day-workers at the North (171). His main protest with subjection was that the amount delivered by slaves, be it cotton or tobacco or any attractive great, was radically substandard. Olmsted affirmed that it accepting two fold the number of slaves as Northern workers to achieve an errand (172). Low-quality work, poor utilization of assets, and impassive administration all consolidated, said Olmsted, to make southern agribusiness far less proficient than northern horticulture (172). Olmsted stated that mentally, slaves preformed inadequately under states of dread of discipline and free men, without this dread, would unquestionably be increasingly beneficial in shielding their notoriety and remaining proudly with their boss. The low profitability of slaves could be clarified by the conditions where they had to live and work in. Insufficient consideration, impetuses and preparing left the slaves without legitimate planning for their job on the estate (Genovese, 46). A recurrent impact of lack of healthy sustenance and infection was clear on numerous ranches. Since lack of healthy sustenance .. ReferencesCairnes, John Elliot. Slave Power. New York: Harper ; Row, 1969. Franklin, John. From Slavery to Freedom. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. Genovese, Eugene D. The Political Economy of Slavery. New York: Pantheon Books, 1965. Dim, Lewis Cecil. History of horticulture in the southern United States to 1860 . Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1958. Hopkins, James F. A History of the Hemp Industry in Kentucky. Louisville: University of Kentucky Press, 1998. Diary of the State Convention. A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Ind

For EA Deferred Students

For EA Deferred Students Here are some FAQs for deferred students Is it all over for me? Should I still be hanging around reading the blogs? At MIT, a deferral isnt just a polite rejection. Your application will once again be considered by the committee during regular action. You are at no advantage or disadvantage versus the regular action applications. We will admit the best applications we can during regular action, regardless of when the application was submitted. (A little historical data: over the past seven years, the average number of deferred students later admitted has been about 300 but who knows what it will be this year.) What should I do now? Should I send in extra materials? The only thing we ask that you do is complete the Midyear Report, which will be available on MyMIT in about a month. On the Midyear Report, you will provide us with your updated grades (your semester grades are very important, so keep working hard!) as well as a text box for any other updates youd like to provide (new awards, changes to your activities, etc.). We will accept updates in other formats, including mail and email, but the Admissions Committee will primarily look to the Midyear Report for your updates. Should I send in a whole new version of my application, or all new essays? No. You do not need to improve your application, or redo/edit/modify part or all of your application. You were deferred because your application was already strong enough to make you a contender in the Regular Action round. Let your application stand. What about extra essays, recommendations, etc? You may send along anything that you feel would be helpful to the committee. We do not expect or require any of these things. Simply sending in additional materials does not by itself increase your chances of admission. If you do decide that sending in materials beyond the Midyear Report is appropriate for you all materials sent in before decisions are released will be seen in some fashion by admissions officers. However, those received before mid-February are most likely to be seen in Admissions Committee. What about new test scores? If you are taking additional tests in December or January, you can include MIT as a score recipient and we will consider any new scores. Can I call admissions to find out The Reason why I was deferred? If you call in, we will not be able to tell you the reason why you were deferred, or what needs to be improved, simply because things are much more complex than just one reason why you were deferred. Usually, when I take a call from a deferred applicant, theres nothing that I see to be lacking or needing improvement most of our deferred students submitted very strong applications, the kinds of applications any school (including MIT) would love to have in their student body. Honestly. I hope this is helpful! Best wishes to everyone. For EA Deferred Students Here are some FAQs for deferred students Is it all over for me? Should I still be hanging around reading the blogs? At MIT, a deferral isnt just a polite rejection. Your application will once again be considered by the committee during regular action. You are at no advantage or disadvantage versus the regular action applications. We will admit the best applications we can during regular action, regardless of when the application was submitted. (A little historical data: over the past six years, the average number of deferred students later admitted has been a bit under 300 but who knows what it will be this year) What should I do now? Should I send in extra materials? The only thing we ask that you do is complete the Midyear Report, which will be available on MyMIT in February. On the Midyear Report, you will provide us with your updated grades (your semester grades are very important, so keep working hard!) as well as a text box for any other updates youd like to provide (new awards, changes to your activities, etc.). We will accept updates in other formats, including mail and email, but the Admissions Committee will primarily look to the Midyear Report for your updates. Should I send in a whole new version of my application, or all new essays? No. You do not need to improve your application, or redo/edit/modify part or all of your application. You were deferred because your application was already strong enough to make you a contender in the Regular Action round. Let your application stand. What about extra essays, recommendations, etc? You may send along anything that you feel would be helpful to the committee. We do not expect or require any of these things. Simply sending in additional materials does not by itself increase your chances of admission. If you do decide that sending in materials beyond the Midyear Report is appropriate for you all materials sent in before decisions are released will be seen in some fashion by admissions officers. However, those received before mid-February are most likely to be seen in Admissions Committee. What about new test scores? If you are taking additional tests in December or January, you can include MIT as a score recipient and we will consider any new scores. Can I call admissions to find out The Reason why I was deferred? If you call in, we will not be able to tell you the reason why you were deferred, or what needs to be improved, simply because things are much more complex than just one reason why you were deferred. Usually, when I take a call from a deferred applicant, theres nothing that I see to be lacking or needing improvement most of our deferred students submitted very strong applications, the kinds of applications any school (including MIT) would love to have in their student body. Honestly. I hope this is helpful! Best wishes to everyone. For EA Deferred Students Here are some FAQs for deferred students Is it all over for me? At MIT, a deferral isnt just a polite rejection. Your application will once again be considered by the committee during regular action. You are at no advantage or disadvantage versus the regular action applications. We will admit the best applications we can during regular action, regardless of when the application was submitted. (A little historical data: last year, we admitted 279 students during regular action, 289 the year before, 295 the year before that, 267 the year before that, and 326 the year before that) What should I do now? I recommend spending the next few weeks before January 1 working on regular action applications for other schools. You should still put the same energy and thought you put into your MIT application into your other applications. Should I send in extra materials? The only thing we ask that you send in is the midyear grade report, which can be downloaded off of the MyMIT website. Your semester grades are very important so keep working hard. Wed like this report as soon as possible after your grades are available; by the beginning of February would be great, but definitely by the end of February. You may also want to keep us up-to-date with any news in your life. This is not required nor is it expected, but if anything exciting happens definitely let us know. Its best if you send any such letter by the end of January, but you may keep us in the loop through the time we mail regular action decisions in mid-March. Should I send in a whole new version of my application, or all new essays? No. You do not need to improve your application, or redo/edit/modify part or all of your application. You were deferred because your application was already strong enough to make you a contender in the Regular Action round. Let your application stand. What about extra essays, recommendations, etc? You may send along anything (such as) that you feel would be helpful to the committee. We do not expect or require any of these things. Simply sending in additional materials does not by itself increase your chances of admission. What about new test scores? If you are taking additional tests in December or January, you can include MIT as a score recipient and we will consider any new scores. What other advice do you have? You should check in with your guidance/college counselor. Often, their years of experience provide wisdom and insight into your particular situation. Theyre more than welcome to give our office a call if our decision isnt consistent with their experience, or just to talk about the process. Can I call admissions to find out The Reason why I was deferred? If you call in, we will not be able to tell you the reason why you were deferred, or what needs to be improved, simply because things are much more complex than just one reason why you were deferred. Usually, when I take a call from a deferred applicant, theres nothing that I see to be lacking or needing improvement most of our deferred students submitted very strong applications, the kinds of applications any school (including MIT) would love to have in their student body. Honestly. I hope this is helpful! Best wishes to everyone.

Essay Venus of Willendorf - 682 Words

The Venus of Willendorf Ever since the beginning of the Stone Age around 25,000 B.C. and throughout the late classical period in 400 B.C., we can infer and see that both men and women have been portrayed in many ways when viewing particular cultures around the time period. The representation of the female body can be seen through numerous pieces of Art. Ladies and Gentleman the figurine in front of you is called â€Å"The Venus of Willendorf†, and it is the oldest female figurine statuette. It most likely symbolizes female fertility. Now some of you may be wondering why this figurine is half naked. The reason for this again ties back to the cultures of Mesopotamia. Multiple Mespopotamian related cultures seem to have made this†¦show more content†¦I believe that the stomach was actually used to show pregnancy, and portrays the woman as a maternal figure, or simply, â€Å"Mother Earth.† The Venus of Willendorf was found in 1908 by a workman named â€Å"Johann Veran† (Selen). It was found by archeologists at a Paleolithic site. Here at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna, Austria, we have the only authentic Venus Figurine (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien). The artifact’s purpose is still being speculated by many. But from what I can infer, the figurine was used a a maternal figure, and it shows the richness of female fertility. It portrayed the woman as being the care giver of life, and it showed her as something everyone looked up to, either for riturals or as a figurine of fertility. She may have been the Goddess of life; a status similar to â€Å"Mother Earth.†. However, I believe that the purpose of ti was to show woman what their capabilities were, and it seemed to focus on the strengths that they possessed and what their functions in society were. In this case, the large breasts, stomach, and hips (Selen). It potentially was used to symbolize new life, or maybe even a new beginning. Now if you focus on this statuette you will notice that it’s roughly only about 4 inches long. The statuette is named the â€Å"Venus of Willendorf† after Willendorf, Austria, where she was found, and the name â€Å"Venus† was named after the ancient Roman Goddess of LoveShow MoreRelatedThe Venus Willendorf and Laussel1293 Words   |  6 PagesThe Venus Willendorf and Laussel During the Upper Paleolithic era artists created a wide range of small sculptures. These sculptures were made from various materials, including ivory, bone, clay, and even stone. They represented humans, as well as animals; they even combined them at times. Most of the sculptures from this time show a high level of skill. From this time, there were two very influential sculptures, The Venus of Willendorf and the Venus of Laussel. This paper will discuss bothRead MoreThe Venus of Willendorf Formal Analysis Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe Venus of Willendorf is one of the oldest and most famous early images of a human. 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OriginallyRead MoreThe Prevalence Of The Power Of Women1264 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyzation of well known ancient art sculptures, such as The Venus of Willendorf that is on display at the Vienna Museum of Natural History in Austria, to the later Figure of Isis-Aphrodite that can be found at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NYC, the advancement of appreciation and awareness of the capabilities of female can be clearly extracted and observed. Overseas in Austria, you can find the sculpture of The Venus of Willendorf, which is dated back to about 24,000-22,000 BC, being inclusiveRead MoreComparing The Chacmool With The Woman Of Willendorf1820 Words   |  8 PagesTAJH RAY Art 150-501 Fall 2016 Research Paper Prof. D Gaffney mars and venus: comparing the chacmool with the woman of willendorf Modern figurines of art stem directly from the hands of the ancient’s. The organic forms of modernly sculpted artifacts can most likely be directly referenced to the movements of prehistoric artworks. 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The choice to use a female figure is important because of the inherent themes it represents;Read MoreThe Discovery Of A Human, A Woman, By Archaeologist Josef Szombathy930 Words   |  4 Pagesso-called Venus of Willendorf, found in 1908 by the archaeologist Josef Szombathy in a terrace about 30 meters above the Danube river near the town of Willendorf, Austria. The statue, which measures about 11.1 centimeters in length, is now in a muse. It was carved from a fine porous limestone not found in the region and so must have been brought to the area from another location. It must have travelled a great distance before hibernating for centuries. When first discovered the Venus of Willendorf wasRead More Polykleitos’ Bearer and Laocoon and His Sons Essay1812 Words   |  8 Pageswhole and there is also a pile of dirt located on the ground. Unlike imperial procession this painting has a little bit more feeling. I believe that people can relate more to it and it is more religious. 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Finance For The Non Financial Manager Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4080 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? This assignment is done on the completion of the paper Finance for the non financial managers for the PGD leading to MBA level. As per the assignment given to us, we are required to analyze the financial performance of a company included in London Stock Exchange. For that purpose, I have chosen one of the biggest public retailers in the U.K., the Tesco. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Finance For The Non Financial Manager Finance Essay" essay for you Create order I have reasons to choose it, and the one of the reasons is its unassailable position in the retailing industry, in which it has left many of its competitors far behind. The other reason is its extraordinary sense of public service. These things always left me curious to know about how the organization functions. However, my focus will be concentrated on how such an organization manages its finance, that is to say the financial performance of the company. For that purpose I will briefly analyze the financial performance of the last three consecutive years of Tesco. Financial figures of Tesco in themselves do not clearly states its position in the market, due to that reason I have attempted to do the benchmark analysis comparing its financial performance with Sainsburys in the year 2009, and at the same time with industry average. For the industry average I have taken three companies in the same industry Tesco, Sainsburys, and Morrison. Tesco is the public retailer of groceries, consumer goods, financial services and telecoms. It was founded by Jack London in 1919 in East London. It sells food and drinks in its store and provides the services like clothing, consumer electronics, telecoms, home, health, and car insurance, dental plans, retailing and renting DVDs, CDs, music down loads, Internet services and software. Tesco operates its business in the U.K., the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, the Republic of Ireland, Slovakia, Turkey, China, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, Thailand and the United States. TESCO brand was first used in 1924 and was included in London Stock Exchange in 1947 as Tesco Stores Limited. Tesco has a total of 4,331 stores worldwide; with a total of around 470,000.Currently it holds 28% market share in the U.K.s retailing industry. (www.investis.com ) 2. Financial Analysis of Tesco Despite the challenging environment, Tesco attained a considerable growth rate in the fiscal year ended in 28th February 2009. For the fiscal year ended in 2009 Tesco PLC achieved revenues of 59.4bn pound, an increase of 14.67% against the previous years 11.16%. Tesco exhibits an increasing trend in its growth rate. The companys revenues are derived from four major geographical regions: the UK, Rest of Europe, Asia and USA which accounted for 70.30%, 16.31%, 13.01%, and 0.38% of the revenue excluding tax of the fiscal year 2009 respectively. The growth rate of Tescos revenues in percentage in different region is shown in the pie chart in the appendix. Tesco exhibits a solid growth in the U.K. market despite the challenges of recession and strong competitors. Asia comes second in its growth rate followed by Europe. ( financial highlights.www. tesco.com) 2.1. Profitability Ratio Profitability Ratio in financial analysis is used to measure the businesss ability to generate revenue in relation to its expenses and costs. Higher the value of the ratio, the better would be the financial performance of the company. If a company is having a higher profitability ratio compared to its competitor, it can be inferred that the company is doing better than that particular competitor. The higher or same profitability ratio of a company compared to its previous period also indicates that the company is doing well. Profitability ratios are the particular interests of the shareholders. First profitability Ratio: Gross Profit Ratio: Gross profit/Revenue*100 The gross profit ratio tells how much a company earns after its cost of sales. In 2009, Tesco makes 7.76% gross profit for every 100 pound dollar which is slightly better than the previous year 2008 and worse than 2007 when the company had the gross profit margin 7.67% and 8.12% respectively. Compared to Sainsburys 5.48% in 2009, Tesco performs better. It operates above the industry average 6.51% in 2009. Second Profitability Ratio: Net Profit Margin Ratios: Net profit/ revenue*100% Net profit ratio gives us the net profit a business earns per 1 dollar turnover. It is calculated after taking into account the cost of sales and the expenses but before interest, dividend and taxation. Tesco has the net profit margin 5.44% in 2009 compared to 5.93% in 2008 and 6.22% in 2007.Although the company has the gross profit margin better in 2009 than in 2008, the net profit falls short than the previous year, which is due to the rise in the expenses than the previous year. The company is required to cut the administrative and other expenses to increase its net profit. Compared to the Sainsburys, the company is better in yielding net profit because Sainsburys net profit is only 3.55% in the current fiscal year 2009. Tesco exceeds the industry average in its net profit margin by 1.30%. The Third Profitability Ratio: Return on Capital Employed Ratio Operating profit/ capital employed*100 The ROCE tells the profit a company earns from the total investment made in the company. ROCE is calculated by dividing the operating profit by the total capital employed in percentage. Tesco earns 11.44 dollar for every 100 pound investment in the year 2009. ROCE for the company in the year 2009 is worse than then the last years ROCE which was 14.25 pounds which definitely accounts for the increasing expenses and decreasing operating profit and minority interests. Other factors in the decreasing ROCE of Tesco are: Heavy rise in borrowing, increase in past employment benefit obligations, heavy rise in provisions, and heavy rise in differed tax liabilities. Tesco performs better ROCE in the year 2009 compared to Sainsburys 9.46%., and at the same time exceeds the industry average by 2.22%. The Fourth Profitability Ratio; Return on Equity: Profit after tax/total equity*100% It measures how much a company earned from the total amount of shareholders equity found in the balance sheet. For every 100 pound investment by the shareholders of the company, Tesco earns 16.68 pound in the year 2009. Compared to the last year the performance is worse. The possible reasons are, finance cost is higher, and finance income is lower than in 2008 and taxation is higher. Compared to the Sainsburys, Tescos performance is better, for Sainsburys ROE for the year is 6.60%. Fifth profitability Ratio; Earning per Share Ratio: Profit after tax/No. ordinary share The company earns 27.50 pence for every ordinary share in the year 2009 which is slightly better than the previous year. This is because of the increase in the profit after the tax. Earnings per share of Tesco are better in the year 2009 than Sainsburys, for Sainsburys earnings per share for the year 2009 is 16.66 pence. In this regard also, Tesco far exceeds the industry average, 20.25 pence. 2.2. Liquidity Ratio. Liquidity ratios measure the ability of the company to meet the short term and long term obligations of the company. Liquidity ratios are the particular interests to those who are extending short term credit to the firm. Short term creditors prefer a high current ratio since it reduces risks, shareholder may prefer a lower current ratio so that more of the firms assets are working to grow the business. First Liquidity Ratio; Current Ratio: Current asset / Current Liability Current ratio is used to measure the companys ability to meet its short term commitments that is its debt and payables with its short term assets like cash, inventory and receivables. The higher the current ratio, the better the company is in paying its obligations. A ratio underÂÂ  1 suggests that the companyÂÂ  wouldÂÂ  beÂÂ  unable to pay offÂÂ  its obligations if they came due at that point. The current ratio can give a sense of the efficiency of a companys operating cycle or its ability to turnÂÂ  its product into cash. Analyzing Tescos current ratio we find for every 1 pound current liability Tesco has 0.79 worth of current assets in the year 2009. The company is weak in short term solvency and is not able to meet the short term obligations, but compared to last year it is better. The causes responsible for the better current ratio are: decrease in current tax liabilities, increase in the loans and advances to banks and other financial assets, incr ease in short term investments, cash and cash equivalents, increase in trade and other receivables and derivative financial instruments. Compared to Sainsburys in the year 2009, Tesco is better in fulfilling the short term obligations. It exceeds the industry average by 0.17, pushing the others behind. Second Liquidity Ratio: Acid Test Ratio or Quick Ratio or Liquid Ratio. Current asset- Inventories/ current liability Acid test ratio measures a companys ability to meet short term financial liabilities like the current ratio, but unlike current ratio it does not take into account the inventories, because inventories are not rapidly convertible to cash. Tesco has 0.63 of its liquidity assets for every pound current liability in the year 2009. It is weak because it is below the standard ratio 1:1. Acid ratio of Tesco for the 2009 is better than the year 2008 which suggests that the company is having the solid top line growth, quickly converting receivables into cash. Compared to Sainsburys in the year 2009, Tesco position is far better, for Sainsbury has only 0.31 pence worth of liquid asset for every 1 pound current liability. In this regard as well, the company pushes the company average behind. Third Liquidity Ratio; Working Capital to Net asset ratio WC/NA* 100 or CA-CL/NA*100 This ratio provides the percentage of remaining liquid assets. An increasing working capital to net asset ratio is a positive sign which shows the companys increasing liquidity and the vice versa. This ratio for Tesco in the year 2009 is negative which shows the company is undergoing severe short term liquidity problem. However, compared to the last year the company has brought slight change in the ratio showing its improvement. Compared to Sainsburys in the same year that is 2009, both companies seem to have passing through the same kind of problem. Both of them are in the same range though Sainsburys seems better, though insignificantly. 2.3. Efficiency Ratio: The purpose of using the efficiency ratio is to measure the efficiency of the company in utilizing its assets / resources to generate sales or profit. It looks at the internal working of the company. Efficiency Ratios types are as follows. Debtors Collection Days: Trade receivables/sales turnover*365 It is used to measure the efficiency of the credit control management. It is used to measure how quickly the company recovers debts from its credit customers. Most businesses make a large proportion of their sales on credit. Debtor days are a measure of the average time payment takes. Increases in debtor days may be a sign that the quality of a companys debtors is decreasing. This could mean a greater risk. Debtors collection days of Tesco for the year 2009 are only 12 days, which is more than the previous year, which is not definitely a positive sign. It exhibits the growing trends in the debtors collection days for the last two consecutive years when it was 10 and 9 days respectively. Compared to Sainsburys, Tesco exhibits worse scenario this is much higher than Sainsburys 0.95 days. Tesco bears high risk at collecting money from its debtors; however sounds it appears in other respects. It falls short to the industry average in this regard as well. Creditors Payments Days: Trade Payables/cost of sales or credit purchases *365 This ratio measures the promptness of the company in paying back to its suppliers or creditors. The company takes 32 days on average to pay back the debts it owes to its suppliers in the year 2009. The creditors payment days of 2009 are more than the year 2008 which is worse and indicates that the company has the weak liquidity ratio. Due to its cash problem, the company delayed the payment of debts than in the previous year. While comparing Sainsburys and Tesco, Tescos position is better, for Sainsburys pay back to its suppliers in 33.35 days. It outruns the industry average in this respect. Stock Turn over Days: Average Inventory/cost of sales*365 This ratio measures the efficiency of the inventory management or control. The companys stock turns over every 20 days in the year 2009. The stock maintained by the company is sufficient to meet the sales for 20 days, whereas it was 19 days in 2008 and 22 days in 2007 which means that the company is slower in 2008 and quicker in 2007 to sell the stocks than in the year 2009. Sainsburys stock turns over days are 27.45 days, worse than Tesco in the year 2009. Tesco makes quicker sell than Sainsburys. The company exacts the industry average in this respect. Asset turns over: Revenue/Net asset or capital employed. It measures the efficiency of the company in utilizing the assets to generate income. For every 1 pound the company invested in net asset, the company generates 1.94 worth of sales in the year 2009 which is worse than the previous years 2008 and 2007 when it was 2.36 and 2.56 respectively. Sainsburys generates 2.66 pound worth of sales for every 1 pound investment, better than Tesco in the year 2009 where as the industry average is 2.31. 2.4. Financial Position Ratios: It measures the long term solvency of the company, the ability of the company to meet long term commitments i.e. financial commitments. It measures the financial risk involved in the company. This is the particular interest of the shareholders and long term creditors like bank who leverage the company. D/E Ratio: D/E*100 For every 100 pound shareholders equity, the company has 149.14 long term liability in the year 2009 which involves high financial risk. The company is in worse condition than in the year 2008 and 2007 because the companys debt increased considerably from 87.06% and 74.54% of the last two years considerably. Sainsburys has only 62.57 long term liability for every shareholders equity. Tesco is high geared company whereas Sainsburys is a low geared company. Tesco exceeds the industry average, for the industry average for the year 2009 is 76.48%. Interest cover Earnings before tax and interest/ Interest expenses Higher the ratio, the better the position This ratio is used to determine how easily a company can pay interest on outstanding debt. The interest coverage ratio is calculated by dividing a companys earnings before interest and taxes of the period by the companys interest expenses of the same period. For every 1 pound interest payable, the company earns 7.18 earnings before interest and taxation which is sufficient to meet the interest expenses. However, compared to its past two consecutive years, the company is not generating income in the same ratio. IT operates better than Sainsburys and almost exacts the industry average. Investment Ratios: Investment ratios are used to understand the investment prospect of the company. These ratios are used by investors to estimate the attractiveness of a potential or existing investment and get an idea of its valuation. For example, the most well-known investment valuation ratio is the P/E ratio, which compares the current price of companys shares to the amount of earnings it generates. The purpose of this ratio is to give users a quick idea of how much they are paying for each $1 of earnings. And with one simplified ratio, one can easily compare the P/E ratio of one company to its competitors and to the market. P/E Ratio (market Price of the share /Earnings per share Ratio) Market value per share of the company is about 12 times of its earnings per share in the year 2009. Compared to the previous year the company has its share value decreased in 2009. In 2008 and 2007, the ratio was 14.61 and 18.30 respectively. In the same period of the year 2009 Sainsburys market price per share is 18.67 times of its earnings, better than Tesco. Tesco falls short by 3.45 times than the industry average. Dividend Yield Ratio: Dividend per share/market price per share A financial ratio thatÂÂ  shows how much a company pays out in dividends each year relative to its share price There is increasing trend in dividend paid out which is 3.59, 2.77 and 2.23 for every 100 pound share in 2009, 2008 and 2007 respectively. It is better than the current interest rate and inflation rate. Sainsburys position is better than Tesco. Tesco outsmarts the industry ratio in this regards as well. Dividend Payout Ratio: Dividend per share/Earning Per share*100 It is the percentage of earnings paid to shareholders in dividends. The payout ratio provides an idea of how well earnings support the dividend payments. More mature companiesÂÂ  tend toÂÂ  have a higher payout ratio. Tesco paid 43% of profit after tax as dividend which is higher than the last year when they paid only the 40.44% of profit after tax as dividend. Sainsburys paid out 80% of the profit after the tax to the shareholders in the year 2009, more than the Tesco. Tesco paid lesser than the industry average. Net Asset Value per Share Net asset/No of ordinary Share The net asset value per every 1 pound share of Tesco in the year 2009 is 1.65 which is more than in the years 2008 and 2007 when it was 1.51 and 1.33 respectively. Compared to Sainsburys, it is worse. It worse than the industry average also. 3. Nonfinancial performance of Tesco 3.1. Strategy of Tesco Tesco Plc has consistent growth strategy which strengthens its business in the U.K. and other markets. Tesco Plcs has five objectives in its strategy .They are given as follow: To be a successful international retailer; To grow the core UK business; To be as strong in non-food as in food; To develop retailing services such as Tesco Personal Finance, Telecoms Tesco. Com and To put community at the heart of its activities. With these objectives in the core of its strategy, Tesco began to broaden its business embracing the customers in the large expanding market of the U.K. and abroad in central Europe, Asia and USA. It adopted the strategy of diversifying its business in 1997. Tescos strategy is competitive and profitable that has made it the market leader in many markets outside the U.K. Tesco exhibits a solid growth in the U.K. market despite the challenges of recession and strong competitors. Asia comes second in its growth rate followed by Europe. 3.2. SWOT analysis of Tesco. Tesco entails Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Strengths in its businesses and I have attempted to make short overview of SWOTs of Tesco in the following way. Strengths TESCO have secured commercial standing within the global market place winning Retailer of the Year 2008 at the World Retail Awards. This can be used for marketing campaigns to drive advantage towards the demographic base for future growth and sustainability. Similarly, in an environment where global retail sales are showing decline or level performance on a like for like basis TESCO Group have published sales gain of 13% for UK markets and 26% growth in international markets. As a business looking for continued expansion TESCO have reserve funds of credit coupled with income derived from property portfolio development funds. Besides these, Tesco has a lot of strengths: Increasing market share, Tesco personal insurance, Tesco online, price adjustment to address the customers crushed by credit crunch, store variety, Economies of scale etc. Weaknesses Despite its strengths in the retailing market, TESCO Finance profit levels were impacted through bad debt, credit card arrears and household insurance claims. TESCOs position as a price leader in UK markets can lead to reduced profit margins in order to retain the key price points on most of the commercial items. Moreover, the grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist retailers in specific areas of product which can be capitalized on by other smaller retailers. Whilst current economic conditions suggest TESCOs key value message will succeed there is a weakness in non-essential, mid to high ticket price items which will suffer from the rising cost of living and lower disposable incomes. Tescos heavy reliance on the U.K. market might dwindle its growth rate as the U.K. is slow to emerge out of recession. Opportunities Statistics suggest TESCO is the third largest global grocer which indicates a level of buying power to ensure mainstream economies of scale. At the same time, the acquisition of Homever provides the opportunity to develop the brand through Asia, specifically South Korea and further grow International markets for the group. The development of Tesco Direct through online and catalogue shopping will grow the use of technology, providing the launch pad for larger non food based products with moderate to high margin returns and less focus on sales and margin per foot return to space. TESCO mobile have grown ÂÂ ¼ million customers in 2008 and moved into profitable status suggesting further growth and development within this technological area can be developed. Threats UK and American markets have been affected by economic concerns through the credit crunch. Lower available income will impact and strategic focus may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focus on higher priced brands suggesting a switch in price architecture. Rising raw material costs from both food and non food will impact profit margins overall. Sourcing changes to Far East locations with regards exporting restrictions on some non food product areas will reduce margin rates on products with already low margins. Changes to consumer buying behaviors require further analysis as technology develops consumer buying patterns change which will result in product areas requiring evaluation. For TESCO there is a persistent threat of takeover from the market leader Wal-Mart who has both means and motive to pursue such action. 3.4. PESTEL analysis of TESCO: The external factors have a great impact in a business. The external factors impacting a business are dealt under PESTEL analysis. PESTEL stands for political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors a business operates in. Political factors include tax policies, trade restrictions, tariffs etc. Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, and inflation rates, Employment level etc. Sociological factors includes culture, health consciousness, working condition Technological factors include ecological aspects, research and development, the rate of technological change. Environmental factors includes recycling policies and pollution Legal aspects include health and safety laws, consumer laws and regulations. The global recession has a negative impact on the businesses. It is very hard for businesses to sustain in such an environment. Credit crunch has given rise to the unemployment rate. It has impact on Tesco, too. However, Tesco has been doing well by selling everything to everyone everywhere. In such a situation Tesco can give employment to people by opening new stores in many places. Tesco has to follow the laws and regulations about monopolies and competition protecting consumers. Meanwhile Tesco has to ensure the entrepreneurs right to compete. Many small businesses are falling due to recession, and Tesco has to consider the location of establishment. The UKs law that presupposes the organization with a large market share dominant will lead Tesco to continuous assessment to ensure it is not being exploitative. Planning Permission law of UK has made Tesco to identify the relevant laws on planning permission. The increase in immigration of Eastern Europeans or the increase in young p rofessionals has given rise to quick microwavable meals that the Tesco has to bear in thinking. The technological factor that has assisted Tesco is the growing use of internet that made on line shopping in Tesco and provides delivery service through Tescos website www.tesco.com. With growing public concern about social responsibility Tesco has to make its corporate responsibilities to address the environmental issues like encourage the customers to make low carbon choices. The growth of unemployment rate is also likely to impact the business of Tesco. 4. Conclusion. The financial analysis of Tesco exhibits that Tesco is true to its strategy in acquiring the large portion of market share delivering customer focus service in its diversified business portfolio. It attained noteworthy growth in sales, left behind its competitors in many ratios. However, Tescos creditors payment days are high which involves high financial risks and sometimes it sounds like that it excelled others because it provides large credit sales to the customers for many days. But it would be rash to assess its performance that way ignoring its strength in many other respects. As a whole Tesco is doing well and will do better in the times to come. Tesco is a real business owner in the retailing industry. Although Tesco is doing well in the retailing industry, it runs the risks of running the jack of all but ace on none. It has its hand in everything but fails to outsmart the companies that have come up with specialized product even in a single product. It should focus on specializing in some most demanded product. Tesco has to extend its businesses in the countries like India and china with the large population and rising economy.

Gun Violence Free Essays

Many of us have heard many times, â€Å"Guns don’t kill people on their own, it takes a person to pull the trigger. † Even if people find this statement to be true, guns are an issue that needs to be addressed. A gun is simply an easy tool that people can use and manipulate with hardly any thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Gun Violence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many suggest taking away guns and promoting peace through government help while others think that the guns are what keep them safe. Situations arise everyday where people have witnessed, or know someone who has been effected by gun violence. Sadly many of the cases result in death or severe injuries. Even though this is a very controversial topic, many people would agree with the fact that guns are an easy means to commit a crime. Guns in general are too easy for people to obtain and use for violent deviant acts. Not only are guns responsible for violent deaths, but a considerable amount of accidents take place every year do to improper equipment or even placing them in unsecure places. There needs to be better ways to regulate and control gun distribution around the world. If not, people run the risks of witnessing these acts or even being part of them. Guns are a very touchy topic of discussion. The differing opinions dealing with the control of use can often lead to even bigger discussions of the reasons for owning them. In the forefront of the pro-guns argument is a feeling of self-defense. Being able to protect oneself in the event of an altercation with an armed individual is a very valuable piece to the freedoms given to citizens as members of the United States. Some feel as though if no one owns them, the problem is completely alleviated. There is a bit of debate surrounding both stances but for the most part it is understood that a complete eradication of arms is rather improbable. Last year, a study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found more than 1. 7 million children live in homes with loaded and unlocked guns (momlogic). This, however, sparks multiple instances in the minds of those with the anti-gun mindset that having no guns at all would have caused no one to be injured and possibly given someone another chance to live. In the case of children, there is no ability to distinguish what is harmless and what could potentially hurt them. When guns are brought into the picture, that mental incapacity seems to grow exponentially. In 2009 around fourteen million guns were sold in the United States legally. However there are about four hundred million guns owned legally in the United States. With that being said, thirty-five percent of American homes have at least one or more guns that are legally owned. However, back in 2007 officials confiscated about seven hundred illegal guns from people and bought about five hundred and fifty six from many dealers through out the country. These facts alone show that there are a lot of guns in the states and measures are being taken to help lower the number of illegal guns. Guns are tools that have many issues and problems that follow them. Guns have been used in many untraceable murder cases, adult and child accidents, and even have been used as a means to hide the real evidence. With respect to the child deaths, many of these could have been prevented. In July of 2008, it was reported in Jackson Mississippi, that a three year-old toddler fatally shot himself while finding a gun in his parents car while waiting in a gas station parking lot (momlogic). There has also been a case where a 10-year-old son of a New York City police officer died after shooting himself in the face with his father’s loaded revolver. The boy found the weapon on a shelf in the basement while looking for a ball his mom had hidden (momlogic). The Children’s Defense Fund report on children and gun violence shows that the number of children and teenagers killed in one year dropped below 4000 for the first time since 1988. The number, 3792, equals just over 10 children every day (sbcoalition). Some may feel that these accidents are due to sheer chance and misfortune on behalf of the child. That may hold some bearing but in the case of how well these guns were hid from the children, the weight is greater. Sometimes the incident doesn’t involve children. Teens are often targets just as easily as children are for gun misuse. Sadly, they sometimes know what they are doing. Whether they are showing off their dad’s new handgun to a friend and forgetting its loaded and blowing their friend’s head off or even playing â€Å"games† such as Russian Roulette, they usually have some idea what they are getting into in comparison to the younger aged kids. The overall national rate of child handgun homicide victims was 1. 20 per 100,000 (sbcoalition). Many people wonder if there is a way to fix these issues, sadly a way to resolve them hasn’t been put in to action yet. Even though there are no rules officially in effect, preventive measures are probably the best way to combat a problem as this. To ensure that children don’t endanger themselves by what seems to the youthful eye to be a toy, guns should be required by owners to be stored in a gun safe if they have, or expect to ever have small children in their home at any time. This alone can effectively lower the number of these mournful incidents that we hear about in the news and media. Although none widely implemented, there are many ways that can fix these problems that have been overlooked. By taking all the guns that are being sold and making them subject to annual inspection, those who own guns will be forced to keep on their toes. By having them inspected, it allows trained individuals to access the guns determine the uses and how often the gun is being used. Also harsher punishments could be implemented to keep people in line. By doing this, we are scaring people into making appropriate choices with their guns. A trade in program ran by the local authorities could also be a good way to keep tabs on guns. By offering people new guns if they trade in ones that are illegal, we gain the means to being able to conduct and make people subject to inspections. Within the trade in program, there could also be an option to restore or give new serial numbers to â€Å"black-market† guns. This option would benefit those who wish to keep the same gun and will also give the authorities a way to identify what was once an unknown in the gun databases. Even though these are great ideas, there are always people who will say that it is not far and an unjust way of managing guns within the nation. One person might argue that these new ideas infringe upon their rights, specifically their right to own firearms. What these people seem to overlook is that, their rights are still being honored. These ideas to regulate guns simply make people subject to inspection if they want to own them. In some cases, it even offers people guns. In some cases someone might also argue that their privacy is being taken away. People could consider guns private property and being forced to show them and have them inspected is in fact invasion of their privacy. With that statement being said, people have got to understand that by allowing their privacy to be invaded for solely that reason is in fact making their lives much safer. There are always going to be those people who are going to argue that it takes away their dignity, but many would agree that giving up their dignity in respect to helping reduce gun violence is worth it. However, people can obtain them too easily. With this being said, people should focus on ways to let people keep their rights while at the same time, regulate how they are obtained and used. During a one-year study, researchers have found that about 88,649 people died due to a gun related incidents. People’s lives are valuable and deserved to be protected. People have came up with numerous amounts of ideas as to regulate gun control but, non have really focused on concealed weapon license, extra education classes, or even finding ways to track people and their use of their gun. This is a very controversial subject and people have many different opinions that all are valid and relate to the topic as a whole. There are some arguments that people have as to their right, safety, and some even go as far to say altering their rights is taking away their dignity. ( this I stop and the rest of the info is information that needs to be placed in somewhere. ) References http://www.law.ucla.edu/volokh/2amteach/SOURCES.HTM#TOC1 http://www.statehealthfacts.org/profileind.jsp?cat=2sub=32rgn=35 http://www.ammoland.com/2009/09/04/1000000-guns-added-to-american-homes/ http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/27/2/214 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2672531 How to cite Gun Violence, Essay examples Gun Violence Free Essays There are many kind of violence in the world, and the most common and deadly is gun-related violence. Not surprisingly, gun violence is one of the major public concerns in the American society. Interestingly, gun violence is also most common in urban areas and it is in close conjunction with youth activity and gang violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Gun Violence or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many violent crime related to guns and the presence of guns often would trigger many violent crimes. Since 1865, President Abraham Lincoln, President James Garfield, President William McKinley, and President John F. Kennedy were assassinated, and the gun violence for Americans has become quite common. Moreover, high profile gun violence incidents, such as the assassinations of Robert F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, and more recently, the Columbine High School massacre, the Beltway sniper attacks, and the Virginia Tech massacre have also fueled debate over gun policies. According to the report, prevalence of homicide and violent crime is greatest in urban areas of the United States. In metropolitan areas, the homicide rate in 2005 was 6. 1 per 100,000 compared with 3. in non-metropolitan counties (fbi. gov). In America, cities with populations greater than 250,000, the mean homicide rate was 12. 1 per 100,000 (fbi. gov), and the rates of gun-related homicides are greater in southern and western states. In America, to get a gun is somewhat easy. It is not expensive and there are many firearms available. According to the report, among juveniles, the minor under the age of 16, 17, or 18, serving in correctional facilities, 86% owned a gun at some time, and 66% acquiring their first gun by age 14 (fbi. ov). Juveniles most often acquire guns from family, friends, drug dealers, and street contacts. In inner city, youth cite â€Å"self-protection from enemies† as the top reason for carrying a gun. Moreover, the mind of youth is immature, and they usually be impetuous and easily given to passions or act on impulse and without due consideration. This is shown in statistics that most violent crimes related to guns were committed by the youths. Even though gun itself is neutral, we cannot deny the potential danger elated with guns. Guns are meant to protect the people, but it often used as a tool to commit violent crimes. Therefore, establishing the laws and the limitations to prevention the youth to touch guns is important. Also, families and schools should educate and guide our youths more carefully. Don’t let our society become more and more dangerous and give our offspring a safe living space by promoting stricter firearm controls and zero tolerance on youth gun possession. How to cite Gun Violence, Papers Gun Violence Free Essays Gun Violence Gun violence, in the United States especially, is a growing concern and highly debated topic when the discussion of gun control is brought up. Here are several facts that I found to be troubling, and even disturbing. * The average of guns deaths in the annual is less than 50 in Japan compared to more than 10,000 in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Gun Violence or any similar topic only for you Order Now (http://www. heedinggodscall. org/content/pfctoolkit-10) The number of gun related deaths in the United States dwarfs that of Japan annually, perhaps a sign of the overwhelming amount of gang violence in the U. S. * The per capita gun death rate in Louisiana is the highest annually in the United States at 19. 04%. The lowest per capita death rate is help in Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Hawaii at a mere 2. 02%. (http://www. heedinggodscall. org/content/pfctoolkit-10) Per 100,000 people, almost twenty percent of the population would die in a gun related homicide. That number seems incredibly high. * Lifetime U. S. edical costs for gunshot injuries are an estimated $2. 3 billion, with U. S. taxpayers paying $1. 1 billion, almost half of the total. (http://www. heedinggodscall. org/content/pfctoolkit-10) In an effort to keep that number down, it might be smart to put a little more funding into law enforcement to keep guns out of criminal’s hands in the first place. * Guns in a household triple the risk of a family member being killed by a gun. (http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. ov/pubmed/8371731) I don’t know how I feel about this statistic as the use of a firearm for protection can save a life even though this stat says that the gun in the household makes it immediately more dangerous. * A 1993 study gathered that 2. 45 million crimes are thwarted by guns in the United States every year. (LaPierre, Wayne (1994). Guns, Crime, and Freedom. Regnery Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 0-89526-477-3. ) This is the other side of gun possession seen as a positive. With guns as a protection, regular citizens can protect themselves from potential danger. How to cite Gun Violence, Papers

Android vs IOS free essay sample

Introduction A mobile operating system is the system used to operate a smartphone, tablet, PDA or other digital mobile devices. With over 243million iPhone’s been sold to date (segall, 2012) and over 500million android phones (Knight, 2012) it is fair to say that both IOS (Apple’s mobile platform) and Android (Google’s mobile platform) are the two most popular/common operating systems currently on the market. The high demand for these two systems makes them number one and two in the Smartphone market share (Velazco, 2012). With both systems being so similar and having so much to offer it is hard to decided which one can be given the title as ‘best operating system’. Both have advantages and disadvantages. Some features are effective for some but not all. With both systems offering similar features, there are often accusations that Android is in fact a stolen product and the reason the two are so similar is because the Android idea stemmed from Apple’s IOS (Lynley, 2011). These accusations have been proved to be just that, ‘accusations’. As according to public reports and surveys, many of the android features are said to run more smoothly and effectively than IOS. IOS IOS was released in 2007 as a mobile operating system for the iPhone and iPod touch (Bohn, 2011). With new generations of the system, IOS is now able to support all Apple hardware. Unlike other mobile operating systems, IOS is blocked and unable to be used on non- Apple hardware (apple, 2012). With the launch of the new generation IOS 6 in 2012 more features were added to the already impeccable list. As well as the basics of telephone calls, Mail, camera and web browser. IOS offers media player, YouTube, facetime, maps, Siri, and Appworld, just to name a few (apple, 2012). The user interface is based on the concept of direct manipulation, using multi touch gestures (insight, 2012). Users take control of the system using a mix of hand movements such as sliding, tapping, pinching and the reverse pinch. Some applications even respond by a simple shake to the system. IOS allows the switch from Portrait to Landscape to be done in one simple rotation. Simply rotate the iPhone, ipad or iPod in the direction of your choice and the contents of the screen follows. An app (application) is a computer programme. Apps allow the device to do almost anything within technical reach (BBC, 2012). IOS allows general members of the public to create and add apps to the store, meaning that today there are over 500,000 available apps in Apple’s built in appstore and more than 25billion apps have been downloaded worldwide. Functions and Features Siri Siri is a popular app owned by IOS. It almost works as a personal assistant, allowing the user to make voice commands. Siri can be asked to do things by talking normally. It can be told to make voice calls, schedule meetings send messages and even more technical things such as inform of weather and time (apple, 2012). Multitasking Multitasking is a function used to access more than one app at the same time. For example using the media app audio can still run in the background whilst moving onto another app. This multitasking feature was only introduced in the 3rd generation of IOS after users were finding unethical methods known as â€Å"jailbreak† to unofficially multitask (Whitham, 2012). Do not disturb The do not disturb feature provided by IOS puts a stop to any notifications or calls when you do not want to be disturbed. When you decide to deactivate the don not disturb setting it makes you aware of all the notifications or calls which were missed (Klosowski, 2012). Face time Face time allows video calling between Apple users using Wi-Fi or cellular data services (apple, 2012). Android Android mobile operating system was introduced commercially in 2008 (Mag, 2012). Android is designed for touch screen devices such as smartphones and tablets and is a development made by Google in conjunction with Open Handset Alliance (android, 2012). Google released android as an open source meaning that it can be used by many different manufacturers. Samsung, HTC and Asus are some of the users of Android (Anon., 2012), using the platform to develop their on-going range of smartphones and tablets. Samsung has recently introduced the galaxy s3 using androids most up to date system known as jellybean. Other users of jellybean (android 4.2) come from HTC’s newest smartphone HTC one and also Samsung’s tablet known as the galaxy note. Before the updated version of androids 4.2 jellybean, we saw android icecream sandwich, Honeycomb, Gingerbread, Froyo, Éclair, Donut, Cupcake and Beta (android, 2012). With each new release android has offered something bigger than the la st, it is now â€Å"faster, smoother and more responsive† than ever (developer, 2012). Major features on the new version of jellybean consist of multiple users, expandable notifications, beam photos, widgets, Google now and gesture type smart keyboard. A widget is one mini app on the desktop which once opened contains several other apps. Android widgets come in all different shapes, sizes and ranges. To date there are over 700,000 apps available on android (Hildenbrand, 2012). Functions and Features Multiple users The multiple user function allows more than one user to use the device, but keeps individual user information, setting and content separate like a PC desktop. Currently this feature is only available on android tablets (Ohear, 2012). Google Now ‘Google now’ works as a computerised assistant. It uses Google now cards which provide information such as journey times to work including any traffic, popular nearby places, your favourite team’s score and many much more useful information (Anon., 2012). Offline voice dictation This is a form of voice typing with an advantage of working even whilst offline (Lawler, 2012). Android Beam Beam allows the easy transfers from android to android. By simply touching two android smartphones or tablets together images, videos, music, webpages and many more can be transferred (mobileunlimited, 2012). Market Share command Tablets and smartphones are increasing more and more in popularity. IOS and android are the two biggest competitors in this market (Kirk, 2012). With the growing generations of iPhone’s, ipads and iPods alongside the ever changing versions of Samsung, HTC and Asus smartphones and tablets there is no surprise that the consumer figures have been on the rise since 2011. In 2011 there was a 57.7% increase in the sales of smartphones than 2010, bringing the total to approximately 472million units sold worldwide (Gartner, 2011). Android dominated the smartphone market share in 2011 with 52.5% compared to IOS 15% (Islam, 2011). Although worldwide IOS’s figures are low, when you look at some of the individual countries figures on a whole the percentage is a lot higher. For example in 2011 the market share for IOS in the US was 36% (8.3million out of the overall 23million). While the US android share was 58%. In 2011 (Arthur, 2012). In 2012 there has not been too great of a shift in figures for IOS and android in the smartphone market. So far worldwide 75% of the market share is owned by android and just 14.9% owned by Apple. The last 10% is owned by falling platforms such as Blackberry’s RIM (Yarow, 2012). Not included in these figures is the percentage for the tablets owned by the platforms. By the 3rd quarter of 2012 Apple had sold approximately 14 million ipads giving them a total market share value of 56.7%. Google owned tablets were close behind with 41% (Fingas, 2012). Analysis of IOS and Android It is fair to say that there are many similarities between the IOS platform and Android platform. But the few differences that stand are enough to make consumers choose between the two. When the Android powered Galaxy Nexus was compared to Apple’s IPhone 5 there were quite a few noticeable differences. One minor difference that left Android at a slight advantage over IOS was the way notifications were handled. The notification process was a lot more user friendly on the Nexus as users were able to pick and choose which notifications they would like to clear from the list and which they would like to save till later. On the iPhone it was pretty much only keep them all or clear them all as an option (pocketnowvideo, 2012). Another feature that worked to android’s advantage when these two smartphones were compared to each other was the ‘play store’. Google’s playstore is the equivalent to Apples appstore. However Google’s play store gives the option of downloading apps, music, books and movies all in the same place whereas with apples appstore each of these are placed within different apps meaning the user has to go in and out of the app required (pocketnowvideo, 2012). Also as part of Google’s playstore search process, if you enter a search that comes up with plenty of options the user is able to scroll through many of the options at the same time unlike the appstore where if a search comes up with many options the user has to scroll through each option one by one until they come across the one of choice. Overall when it came down to Google’s playstore and apples appstore, playstore was a lot faster and easier to navigate (pocketnowvideo, 2012). The web browsing experience was very positive when tested on these two platforms IOS was at a slight advantage when it came to speed in loading the web browser; however the scroll mechanism was a lot more efficient and steady on the android. Android’s ‘Google now’ was tested against IOS ‘Siri’ (pocketnowvideo, 2012). Both features had minor step backs whether it is speed or voice recognition but overall Google now was more consistent. More discoveries where made when apples latest tablet the ipad mini was compared to android powered Nexus 7 tablet. Both tablets are the smallest in size for android and IOS with the Nexus being 7 inches and the ipad mini slightly wider at 7.9inches. The first advantage goes to the Nexus for compatibility (pocketnowvideo, 2012). The small size means that the user is not only able to carry it in a bag or  briefcase, but it is actually small enough to fit in most pockets. Testing the web browser performance on both these tablets, the ipad came out on top. The scroll and pinch gesture was recognised more easily on the ipad and overall it was slightly quicker. Voice recognition and performance was once again tested using ‘Google now’ and ‘Siri’. Overall android came out on top with Google now being a lot faster and informative. Application Developers An application developer is the person responsible for taking a basic concept or idea through the process of becoming an app. There are several different approaches to application development but the main concept is to identify, create and define the application requirements (Anon., 2012). Consideration needs to be made to data structure and solutions to any application problems need to be solved. Customer requirements are also a major part in developing applications. With there being so many apps available already, market research needs to be carried out to make sure any new apps will be beneficial. IOS developers As IOS is a closed Operating system, the only way in which to develop apps for Apple is to use the software development kit (SDK) and Xcode. Everything needed to develop apps for iPhone, ipad and iPods is provided in Xcode. It includes features such as a source editor, graphical user interface editor and many more (apple, 2012). Conclusion Taking into account all the research findings and analysis within this report it is clear to see that there is a very fine line between the two mobile operating systems Android and IOS. Overall the IOS platform appears to be very consistent and steady but with it being a closed system it is fair to say that ideas to reinvent this platform and take it to the next level are slim. Android is on the rise matching IOS in everything it already provides and taking it even one step further to ensure that it comes out on top as the most popular platform. Consumers are excited to see what else is yet to come and whether the improvements and alterations that have already been seen within these operating systems can continue. With android opening its  system to allow tweaks and suggestions from big branded manufacturers, they could be in the running to keeping the title as best mobile operating system.